The Problem Of Global Warming Essay Example For Students

The Problem Of Global Warming Essay The Problem of Global Warming First discovered at the turn of the century by the Swedish scientist Arrhenius, global warming was initially thought to only cause increased greenhouse gases from coal combustion emissions. It wasnt until fifty years later that the real causes and effects of global warming would be discovered. A British scientist by the name of Calendar correlated the 10% increase of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide between 1850 and 1940 with the observed warming of northern Europe and North America, which began in the 1880s. As for the cause of global warming, scientists generally believe that both the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas contribute heavily to global warming. We will write a custom essay on The Problem Of Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Other major causes include deforestation, methane gas emissions, and the release of nitrous oxide chemicals into the atmosphere. The gasses are released primarily by rice cultivation, cattle and livestock populations, gas pipelines, and landfills. Deforestation is a big problem as far as global warming because trees remove Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere, but release large quantities when burned. Methane gas emissions contribute because they are trapped in the earths atmosphere and reflect light, which is usually released in a clean, healthy atmosphere. The energy burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories is responsible for about eighty percent of societys carbon dioxide emissions, about twenty-five percent of U.S. methane emissions, and about twenty percent of global nitrous oxide emissions. The evidence of global warming has been a care and concern of many over the past couple of decades. Along with this increase in the global heat index, predicted to occur within the next half century are dangerously high levels of pollution and added water in global waters, increased pestilence and disease, large quantities of killed fish due to polluted waters, and the entire depletion of many global ecosystems. Although it seems far off for us, the ecological and economic impact on future generations could be catastrophic. Plant respiration and the decomposition of such organic matter release more than ten times the Carbon Dioxide than is released by human activities. The earth is only equipped to deal with the Carbon Dioxide that is a result of photosynthesis, and any amount left gets recirculated in the atmosphere and collects, which has led to the destruction of the Ozone layer of the atmosphere. What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon dioxide by human activities. Global warming will also have a drastic impact on the fish population and other aquatic species in two senses. Oceans and lakes around the world may become too warm for the fish that currently inhabit those areas, and at the same time warmer temperatures may also enable fish in cold waters to grow more rapidly. Adding to that effect, the pollution in the water as a result of lowered oxygen levels and lower water levels overall to wash out the pollutants. The result of these two detrimental impacts is the eventual population drop and possible extinction of many aquatic species. And if the drastic temperature fluctuation in the water doesnt devastate the fish population, the pollution content will. Salinity levels in the oceans are expected to drop to alarming levels, as is average water level. This should be among the top concerns of global governments, but they feel that since it does not impact human life directly, it is not as important. .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b , .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .postImageUrl , .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b , .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:hover , .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:visited , .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:active { border:0!important; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:active , .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0506569834e14e2a1c736e3d336c7d4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deforestation Essay A major question on the minds of top governmental officials around the world is if the problem is on a large enough scale to be considered a national security problem. According to top researchers, the answer is yes. Global warming is predicted to change climates so drastically that future storms will be less frequent, but much more severe, costly, and devastating to those that are hit. A current example can be seen in the wake of Hurricane Floyd where hundreds of thousands of livestock were killed by floods and are now decomposing out in the open. As a result, widespread disease and infestations are predicted to occur and possibly run rampant through the eastern seaboard. This means an increase in the number of deaths and overall cost of the disaster, which happened to be the most powerful hurricane on modern record. Further research on the areas weather patterns where the hurricane occurred, showed a prodigious increase of atmospheric pressure and climate in comparison to previous hurricane seasons. Putting two and two together, one can assume that these are the preliminary effects of global warming and that they will only intensify with time. The cost of these hurricanes is almost as severe as the tangible damage itself. A significant increase in annual natural disaster cost jumped from an average of $1.8 billion in the eighties to over $10 billion in the nineties. Along with those costs just to the U. S., economies that heavily rely upon tourism as a means of financial support such as the Caribbean, have experienced heavy loses averaging around $12 billion per year as a result of shifting weather patterns due to global warming. As for measures taken in the interest of national security, the Clinton Administration is actively engaging the private sector, states, and localities in partnerships based on a win-win philosophy and aimed at addressing the challenge of global warming while, at the same time, strengthening the economy.At the global level, countries around the world have expressed a firm commitment to strengthening international responses to the risks of climate change. The U.S. is working to strengthen international action and broaden participation under the auspices of the Framework Convention on Climate Change. I am in complete agreement with the statement, Threats to global life systems such as global warming, ozone depletion, and the loss of forests, are just as important to the future of humankind as the threat of a nuclear catastrophe. I say this because a nuclear accident is nothing in comparison to global warming on a time scale. We have had numerous nuclear accidents such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Russia, and countless others both at sea and in the air. In the wake of all those catastrophes, a satisfactory clean-up has resulted. That is the difference between a nuclear accident and global warming, an accident can be fixed, a long term change in a force that was here long before us cannot simply be fixed. Global warming will only cease if all production and pollution is halted and the atmosphere is able to recover naturally. In the age of industry and production, that will never happen. True, our global societies have made efforts to reduce pollution, make production methods more efficient, and attempt to clean up whatever messes are made. Concluding, global societies went tool long without caring for it to have a drastic impact today. Global warming is already on course to have a devastating impact on human life on earth, as we know it. Premature efforts of earths preservation such as recycling and reducing consumption, have proven to be productive but not as impactful as initially hoped. The only way that global warming can be held at bay is everyone on the planet stopped using polluting products, producing waste, and overconsuming earths natural resources. But since that is almost impossible, global warming is something that we as a people are going to have to learn how to deal with because the problem will only garner with time. .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 , .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .postImageUrl , .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 , .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:hover , .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:visited , .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:active { border:0!important; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:active , .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8 .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22d94d534f71f5933aecc57ce86e0db8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The World On a Turtle's Back Response to Symbolism Essay New and more efficient programs need to be developed as well as alternate methods of energy production because the methods now are not efficient enough to be able to cut pollution and waste by a significant amount. Possibly over time, such changes can be made and goals achieved so that we can live in a cleaner, healthier world. BibliographyCowie, J. (1998). Climate and Human Change: Disaster or Opportunity? New York: Parthenon Publishing Fleagle, R.G. (1994) Global Environment Change Westport: Praeger Publishing World Wide Fund for Nature homepage. Articles written by WWF staff and AP (updated October 13, 1999: site visited October 13, 1999, (Http://www. Panda.org) United States Environmental Protection Agency homepage. Written by EPA staff updated April 21, 1998: visited October 12, 1999, (Http://www.epa.gov)

Mobiization of America for WWI essays

Mobiization of America for WWI essays The mobilization of America for war was both an arduous and dispute ridden process. With many in the United States still opposed to intervention at the start of the war, financing it and managing it on a material level, as well as gaining public support for an overseas campaign were at the very least an impossibility. In the end, the task fell at the hands of the President, Woodrow Wilson First on task for Wilson was to arrange for a financial base to support the war. This process was slowed by progressive powerhouses within the American political system. Among those who opposed federally imposed taxing were politicians such as Robert M. La Follette and Hiram Johnson. Men like these opposed government measures that would benefit large business interests, whom they largely blamed for Americas entrance into the war. They were afraid that the war would return power to big business interests whom they had been fighting to wrest power from for years. They mainly feared that with the return of big business power the progressive reforms they had managed to make would be blotted out. Furthermore, they held moral objections to war, and were reluctant to support it. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, they saw themselves as protectors of the poor, which led them to oppose many taxes proposed by Wilson and his wartime government. Such taxes opposed were excises and nuisance taxes, which added to the prices of chewing gum, soft drinks, cars, and theater and movie tickets. The progressives, led by La Follette, supported taxes on those who stood to profit from the war. This meant increased income taxes for those of high income, excess profit taxes, and taxes on tobacco and alcohol. In the end, the powers that be were forced to submit to the progressives firm stance on these issues and congress passed a compromised piece of tax legislature. Along with several excises, the new bill served to tax small incomes (above $5...

Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures in China Essay

Foreign Investment and Joint Ventures in China - Essay Example oming in of foreign investment can only be remarked as being positive, in the right direction and one that is aimed at the betterment of the common Chinese populace. The environment of foreign investment is such that even the US investors have started putting their money in the reserves of the Chinese threshold. [Robinson, 1987] They have understood that the future is with China and hence it gives all the more reason for them to put their money where the coming times are favored more. Being an Asian giant, it draws a lot of foreign investment from its Asian neighbors as well as that from Japan, which similarly has rose a lot in the economic sectors since it was bombarded in the Second World War in 1945. Apart from that, joint ventures are the name of the game with Chinese neighbors like India, Pakistan and Russian States investing heavily in fields like ammunition, artillery, roads, heavy transport bridges and so on and so forth. [Li, 2003] Add to that, technology remains one of the main factors for which the foreign investors turn towards the Chinese markets and as is expected and predicted, in the years to come, more and more people would turn towards them as the future looks bright. There are as such very little or negligible restrictions or clauses in the wake of investing in the Chinese markets and thus it gives all the more reason for the foreign players to call China their second home, especially when investments are concerned. China has attracted foreign investment of late by sending its troupes of investors and high profile businessmen who give presentations and tell the people of the country they are visiting about the benefits that they could draw from investing within China. [Beltz, 1995] More than that, it is a plus point that the people from different countries visit China themselves to give in their money. This could only be termed a positive sign and one on which Chinese government is proud of. [Kapuria-Foreman, 2003] With regards to the WTO pact

Timeline of Gendered Movements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Timeline of Gendered Movements - Assignment Example This paper aims to discuss major events in the American history that lead to movement for the Women’s Right. It shall further discuss the significance and the interrelationship of these events. Though there have been several events contributing to the women movement, but the major four events that led to the acceptance and acknowledgement women’s rights shall be discussed in detail. Declaration of Sentiments (1848) The civil war was the origin of the women movement. Women played a major role in the antislavery crusade. The Declaration of the Sentiment and Resolution (1848) was a petition by women to gain rights and privileges (Burgan, 2006). It aims to provide justification and equality to women and to bring change in the sexist society (Keller, 2003). The document plays a significant role in the providing social, civil and religious and rights of women. The document was signed by 68 women and 32 men out of the 300 people for the women’s right convention (Keller, 2003). The principle author of the Declaration was Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Burgan, 2006). She made use of symbolism, allusion, metaphors and hyperboles to achieve the purpose of Declaration. Though the neglecting of women’s right were noted and mentioned by several authors but the Declaration of Sentiments provided a legal status for this, it further provided platform and laid foundation for the movement of women. Formation of Women Suffrage Association (1869) The other major event was the formation of Women Suffrage Association (1869). Elizabeth Candy Stanton joined Susan B. Anthony to form an association named National Women’s Suffrage Association for rights to vote women (Burgan, 2006). It also advocated the easier divorce and to eliminate discrimination in employment and pay. It secured the rights of women from the Federal Constitutional Amendment (fourteenth and fifteenth). After the Declaration the Sentiments the formation of National Women Suffrage Association provided an entity that could fight for the rights of women (Keller, 2003). The 19th Amendment (1920) Nineteenth amendment took place on June 14, 1919 when the nineteenth amendment was passed in the constitution by congress (Burgan, 2006). This was one of the largest steps for women in America, though the amendment was proposed 40 years but in 1920 it provided a legal right for women of America to achieve national reorganization for right to vote. It allowed women in certain states to vote during 1912 but it took eight more years to gain official national amendment (Burgan, 2006). It states, â€Å"The right of citizen of United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State o account of sex† (Burgan, 2006). For the fist time in the American history women were given a legal status to caste their votes. Through the continuous efforts of the National Suffrage Women Association, the nineteenth amendment was approved (Burgan, 2006). This was fo r the first time in the American history that women enjoyed participating in the election and to caste their votes. The amendment can be determined as a point, where women were treated as an equal citizen. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) In 1948, United Nation passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This plays a significant role in the movement of women as it declared women right for women around the world. The Universal Declaration states that all people around the world should have same rights with

How can an Asian society preserve its traditional culture while Essay

How can an Asian society preserve its traditional culture while modernizing - Essay Example East Asia is presented by Inoguchi and Newman (1) as a value system in the context of an East-West dichotomy. Their thesis maintains that cultural values have underpinned the growth rates of East Asian countries and conditioned the orderly social and political characteristics of the region. Of cause, there are some common "Asian values", such as celebrating the community over individualism, the family as the basis of society, frugality, respect for learning, hard work, public duty, teamwork. Mahathir bin Mohamad cited in Inoguchi and Newman (1) notes that some explorers usually demean their argument by contrasting these with the breakdown of the family, decadence, hedonism, excessive individualism, lack of teamwork, fecklessness, and ill discipline in the West. At its most nonsensical, the dynamism and cohesion of East Asia is contrasted with the West's "moral degeneration" and its imminent social collapse, no less. Inoguchi and Newman (1) suggest an ascendancy of the "Asian way" of strong government, social conservatism and free market economics. The renaissance theme is common. It is interesting that some political leaders in the West have begun to "learn from the East" and use the rhetoric of this agenda in response to the perceived excesses of individualism and social deterioration. Reinvigorating community values and the public spirit is a popular theme. As China Daily (3) writes, culture, as heritage, includes both material or "built" aspects of culture such as sites, buildings, landscapes, monuments, and objects, as well as non-material or "living" heritage embodied in social practices, community life, values, beliefs, and expressive forms such as language, arts and handicrafts, music, dance and poetry. Non-material cultural heritage is characteristic of certain nationalities and is passed from generation to generation. A nation rich in cultural resources, China has an ocean of non-material cultural heritage including folk art, literature, opera and dance. But many of these precious traditions are under the threat of extinction with the modernization of the country. There is not enough awareness of what these cultural heritages are, let alone the necessary personnel, funding and legislative efforts to rescue and protect them. What's more worrying is that random tourism development in many local areas have misled people's understanding of aboriginal culture and have proved to be destructive to the maintenance of the original cultural ecology. (China Daily 3) China's long history has made the country heir to countless intangible cultural assets, but modern times have sent folk arts into a decline, as China Daily (4) writes. As the master craftsmen grow old and die, many of their precious traditional arts die with them. Pop songs are replacing local operas and cartoons are killing off shadow puppet plays. Most people see a centuries' old residential compound as shabby housing, while a section of an ancient city wall is merely an obstacle to traffic. The importance of traditional holidays such as the Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival are waning, too. In contrast, imports such as Christmas and Valentine's Day are gaining widespread attention. To those who are blindly enchanted by all that is new,

Imperialism In The Dominican Republic

Imperialism In The Dominican Republic Imperialism according to the definition of The Dictionary of Human Geography is the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.(Johnston: 375) Europe is often accordable for its interest in gaining economic fulfillment and development and doing so by seeking out countries with rich land and obtainable territory. The Dominican Republic was a victim to European imperialism because of its possession of rich farmland and beautiful coast that provided an outstanding selling and trading ground. Affluent in tobacco and sugar, countless oversea investors and financiers made their way to the Dominican Republic to get a piece of the profit and establish their own businesses, especially towards the eastern side of DR which was accountable for the surplus creation of sugar. As wealthy as this country was in its goods such as tobacco, sugar and coffee, the y were incapable of withstanding a secure, unwavering economy. During the Dominican Independence War in 1844, the Dominican Republic was given independence from Haiti. Before this war, the entire island of Hispaniola had been underneath Haitian ruling for over 20 years. Helping to first inspire and then lead the war was a young, talented, nationalist named Juan Pablo Duarte. Together with Matà ­as Ramà ³n Mella and Francisco Del Rosario Sà ¡nchez, he established a group of individuals in 1838, devoted to oppose the invasion of Haiti, called La Trinitaria (The Trinity). Despite efforts to stay under the radar, the group was soon discovered and renamed itself La Filantrà ³pica (literally The Philanthropic, in Spanish), and continued its silent fight against the Haitians. With the help of a liberal Haitian party, the revolt made a giant step forward by overthrowing President Jean Pierre Boyer. Unfortunately, the Trinitarios had called a bit of attention to them and were noticed by Boyers stand-in, Charles Riviere-Hà ©rard who banished Duarte off the island after imprisoning multiple members of the Trinitarios. Though the rebels begged him to return, he could not because of an illness but this did not stop them. By February of 1843, they had decided to take matter into their own hands and by February 27th, 1844 the Dominicans were celebrating their independence. Part 2 Once The House of Bourbon had replaced the House of Habsburg in Spain in 1700, economic reforms that were newly introduced had begun to restore trade in Santo Domingo. (Leonce: 264) The restrictions that had initially been placed between Spain and the colonies were loosened and relaxed by the crown. In 1737, the last flotas sailed; soon after, the monopoly port system was abolished. These changes encouraged a large boost in emigration from the Canary Islands, especially by the middle of the century. There was a jump in the resettlement of the northern part of the colony and tobacco plantation in the Cibao Valley, even the importation of slaves was renewed. All of this led to the increase of Santo Domingos population which grew from 6,000 to about 125,000 between the years of 1737 and 1790. In this new population count, about 40,000 were white landowners, around 25,000 were black or mulatto freedmen, and almost 60,000 were slaves. Unfortunately, next to their wealthy French neighborin g colony, Saint-Domingue, which would become the wealthiest in the New World and held a population of almost four and half times greater? The principal market for Santo Domingos beef, mahogany, tobacco and hides exports was offered by the colonial elites of St. Domingue when restrictions on regal trade was relaxed. During the Haitian Revolution 1791, many rich urban families that had been associated with the colonial bureaucracy left the island, while most rural farmers and cattle ranchers, hateros as they were known locally, stayed. Spain saw this as a chance to take control of the entire, or at least, some of the western third of the island as to seek a convenient alliance with the British and the unruly slaves. However, after the French and slaves reconciled, the Spanish were conquered by Jacobin General Toussaint Louverture and by 1795, France claimed control of the entire Island under the Treaties of Basel. In 1801, LOuverture declared the eradication of slavery, on behalf of the French Republic, Soon after this, Napoleon dispatched an army which took over the entire island, taking it over for a few months. In October 1802, Mulattos and blacks rose up against these French once again and were victorious in November 1803 and declared Saint-Domingue the independent republic of Haiti on January 1, 1804. Even after this defeat, a small French stronghold remained in Santo Domingo. They managed to reestablish slavery and numerous Spanish colonists returned. In 1805, after crowning himself Emperor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines invaded Santo Domingo but was forced to retreat when faced by a French naval squadron. In their retreat, the Haitians sacked the towns of Santiago and Moca, killing most of the people who lived there. Due to this act, there has been animosity between the two countries for two centuries. Before Dominican independence, there was a period of time called, The Haitian Occupation. There were several independence plots prior to this but they all failed and on November 30, 1821, when Josà © Nà ºÃƒ ±ez de Cà ¡ceres who was Santo Domingos past Lieutenant-Governor (which was top administrator), declared the colonys independence. Cà ¡ceres appealed that the new state gain admission to the republic of Gran Columbia, Simà ³n Bolà ­var, and though it passed and the Dominican Republic was now free from under Spains rule, in the February of 1822, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, Haitian forces invaded nine weeks soon after. While the Haitians, had abolished slavery, much like how Toussaint Louverture had also done two decades previously, the Haitians had also nationalized most private property. This even include the property of landowners who fled in the beginning of the invasion; Church property; even property that belonged to previous rulers, the Spanish Crown. In attempt to boost profit, Boyer placed a large emphasis on cash crops rather than crops that were grown for consumption and had them grown on large plantations. He had the tax system reformed and allocated foreign trade. While it did increase the production and sales of sugar and coffee, Dominican farmers still strongly opposed this new system. Universities were shut down and lower levels of education also collapsed; the Haitian army was drafting many young Dominican men, especially from the ages of 16 to 25-years-old. These poor men were not even being treated in their camps properly, were heavily unpaid and had to forage and sack from local Dominical civilians. As much as they might have wanted to fight back and claim their freedom, they were without a leader and lacked the necessary guidance to revolt. Part 3 While it is true that the Dominican government has improved and made some substantial progress, according to the State Departments Country Report on Human Rights Practices focused on the year of 2004, human rights records are still fairly pitiable. Press reports on EFE News Service states that in 2004, there were 160 more people killed by the hands of police than there was in 2003. Sadly, not only is the use of physical abuse and torture continuing but even the conditions of prisons have ranged from poor to harsh when the fact is that there are overcrowded prison stations that are being made to held only 9,000 inmates are instead holding over 13,000. These horrid conditions only make a bad situation worse and the tension and the discomfort caused by being so close can only make angry people angrier. A result of 26 injuries and 133 deaths was the product of a fire that rival gangs set to show their discontent with their present situation in The Higà ¼ey jail, which was built in 1960 to house 80 inmates, but according to the director of prisons, Juan Ramà ³n de la Cruz Martà ­nez, it had a population of 426 on the morning of the fire.(NYT: There is also a social problem of human trafficking in the Dominican Republic. There is an approximated 50,000 women from the Dominican Republic apart of the overseas sex industry. After Thailand, Brazil and the Philippines, this is the fourth largest number in the world. Countless women from the Dominican Republic are trafficked to Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Austria. In fact, almost 10% of the 500 to 600 visas issued every year from the Netherlands to the Dominican nationals are for prostitution. There is a vicious cycle of women in the sex industry and the average age of women entering the sex industry from the Dominican Republic is between 24 and 28 years old. On average, these women have only completed primary school. When asked, most Dominican prostitutes give two main motivations for being in the sex industry; those who have children say it allows them to provide for their children. Then there are those without children who proclaim that they are doing it to buy a piece of land or a house for their parents. Most of the trafficked women also reported that their husband, father or boyfriend did not know exactly what kind of job they would be performed overseas, but did not ask; usually the husband, father or boyfriend received the money fro m the women abroad. Some of the women who returned to the Dominican Republic had been deported by the police while others were able to escape from the traffickers with the help of friends. Still many women are trapped and have no financial means of returning home, because they have no savings and are addicted to drugs and alcohol. Most of the trafficked women said that if they had known what they were actually getting into, they would have never went. It is only an undersized amount of the women that are actually able to hoard away money to bring back home with them, with amounts that range from US$300 to US$10 and this is after roughly one year in the sex industry. Some women are welcomed home when they return because they sent money from overseas and their new jewelry and clothes, or their familys new or improved house is an incentive for other young women to go into the sex industry. Part 4 A well-known commanding officer in the army, Rafael L. Trujillo, established supreme political control in 1930 and though he encouraged, economic growth and development for the country, only he and his supporters actually benefitted from it and it worked more to severely repress the domestic rights of civilians. Dishonesty and negligence to important details led to corruption and major economic tribulations. The Organization of American States took control of the situation and implemented political endorsements against the Dominican Republic as a consequence of Trujillos involvement in an endeavor to eliminate President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela in the August of 1960. Within the borders of the Dominican Republic are about one million Dominicans and Dominican-Haitians whose treatment is the cause for the international criticism the Dominican Government has been receiving in the last few years. With influence from and similarity to the way Rafael Trujillo, benefitted from the work of others, the Dominican government continues to under-work undocumented, migrating Haitians and accept cheap labor. More than 90% of the countrys seasonal sugar workers and two thirds of its coffee workers are Haitians or Dominicans of Haitian origin. (Ribando: 3) The Directorate of Migration forced the deportation of more than 12,000 Haitians (including children) in 2002, in the Dominican Republic. According to President Fernandez and many other Dominican officials, the deletion of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in early 2004 has caused the increase of the amount of illegal migrants that were heading to D.R. which then caused an even larger strain on the already strained Dominican economy Part 5 Since independence in 1844, the United States has greatly influenced the Dominican Republics political standing in military. In the early 1900s, the U.S. sent their troops out into several nations and in an attempt to restore the initial civil order, entered such places as Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti and namely, the Dominican Republic. According to representatives of the United States at the time, they needed to take control of the finances in these nations so help prevent the possibility of uproar or chaos caused by money. The Dominican Republic is actually known for having the second largest economical standing in the Caribbean and Central American region. While previously known mostly for their sugar production, their bountiful economic growth is subjugated largely to services such as their telecommunication system. After the assassination of tyrant, Trujillo, as a result of the fear felt by the possibility of reprisal by Trujillos allies, one of the three later 20th century emigration waves began in 1961. In effort to end the civil war in 1965, the United States began a stronger military activity in the Dominican Republic. Due to this movement, travel restrictions were slackened which made obtaining a United States visa, which was once a reasonably difficult job, much easier. In the year 1966 to the year 1978, the emigrations continued which were stimulated by high rates of unemployment and political subjugation. Succeeding arrivals of immigrants to the United States were introduced and welcomed in the country by previous immigrants to the nation who had joined together and formulated a group. In the early 20th century, prices, the value of a dollar and the rate of unemployment all increased and supplied the third wave of emigration which continues to hang pretty high in the Dominic Republic to this very day.

Comparison B/w The Wanderer And The Seafarer Essay -- essays research

Throughout the history of British Literature, there have always been the themes of loneliness, torment or exile. Many times authors speak from their experiences and at times those experiences have to do with misery and discomfort with their lifestyles. In the Renaissance age, times were not always happy and people chose to pass on stories generation to generation to reveal their feelings and experiences. Poems made a great impact in easing the pain. In the poems, "The Seafarer" and "The Wanderer", the themes of loneliness and exile exist throughout both of the poems. The unknown authors portray the two themes through detail and emotion. "The Seafarer" creates a storyline of a man who is "lost" at sea. There is a major reference to the concept of the sea and how it "captures" the soul and leaves a lonely feeling. The character is set to know the consequence of the sea but something keeps calling him back to it. "And yet my heart wanders away, My soul roams with sea, the whales' home, wandering to the widest corners of the world, returning ravenous with desire, Flying solitary, screaming, exciting me to the ocean, breaking oaths on the curve of a wave." (lines 58-64). This poem also grasps the concept of religion and how it plays a role in this work. The character sets himself on religion and makes that as his "sanctuary" from the sea. "Thus the joys of God are fervent wit...

Renting and Price

Corey Allen BA504 February 19,2013 Abstract In 1997, Netflix became the first online movie by mail Rental Company. Hastings and Randolph co-founded the company. By 1999, they had come up with a $19. 99 per month price plan for customer to rent as many movies that they wanted with no late fees. In 2011, Netflix shocked their customers with their new price plan by splitting the streamlining of movies to one price and DVD by mail with another price. With the change, Netflix lost one million customers. Pertinent facts in the caseThe pertinent facts in this case study are that in 1997, Reed Hastings and Marc Randalph co-founded Netflix. Hastings was upset due to late fee’s he received when he went to return movies that he had rented six weeks earlier. At first, when Hastings came up with the idea, VHS tapes were used for rental, so the cost to ship VHS tapes was too expensive. Then one of Hastings friends advised him of the new DVD technology. With the new DVD technology, Hastings packages the DVD’s in a single envelope and shipped it to himself to see if the DVD would be damaged.When he received the DVD and found that it was undamaged, he began to create mail-order movie rental business. When Netflix first started, the price to rent a movie was $4 with a $2 shipping fee. With this new service, customers were able to have movies mailed to them, but they had to be back by a certain date or they would be charged late fees. In 1999, Netflix launched a new subscription service, which gave their customers unlimited rentals for a monthly fee of $15. 95 per month. With the subscription, subscribers were able to rent four movies per month.Within a year, Netflix improved the unlimited movies subscription plan and changed the price to $19. 99 per month. With the new plan, customers were able to rent as many movies as they desire and they could keep them as long as they wanted, but they could only keep four movies at a time. By 2007, Netflix had him a major miles tone by hitting one billion movie rental deliveries. That same year, Netflix introduced streamlining of movies directly to either the customer’s home computer. By 2008, customers were able to stream movies through their game consoles.With customers now able to stream movies directly to their computer or game consoles, Netflix came out with a price plan of $9. 99 per month for streamlining and DVD rental by mail. What is the situation? In 2011, Netflix announced that they would be separating the streamlining of videos and DVD by mail into two subscription prices. The price for streamlining would be $7. 99 per month and DVD by mail would be $7. 99 per month, so if you wanted to both stream movies and rent movies by mail, you would have to pay two different subscription fees.Netflix also announced that the movie by mail service would be run through qwikster. com. With the price increase of 60% and the announcement of the new website, Netflix lost one million subscribers, taking there subscription total of 25 million, down to 24 million subscribers. Along with the loss of subscribers, Netflix’s stock price dropped from a value of $298 to $169, which is a 40% loss in value. Who is involved? Reed Hastings was who was involved with the price change and he released a statement on September 18, 2011 stating that he had messed up with the way the price change took place.He went on to try and explain why the price change took place. What are the pertinent issues? The pertinent issues are that when Netflix announced the price change, they made the change fast and did not give their subscriber a chance to decide what they wanted to do. Basically Netflix announced the price change and made the change. By not giving their subscribers a chance to think about the new price change, they just went with it. By doing this, Netflix lost one million subscribers. These price changes not only affected the subscribers, it also affected their stock price.If Netflix would h ave gave more of a notice and the reasoning behind the price change, maybe they would not have lost as many subscribers. Recommendations for Netflix The actions that I would recommend for Netflix to recover from a marketing misdirection are that they should have eased into the new price plan or offer a promotional price to their current subscriber. For example, Netflix could have announced the new price plan and at the same time with the new price plan, they could have given their current customer a free trial so that they had the option of either paying the $7. 99 for either the stream lining or the DVD by mail.By allowing their customers the free trial, Netflix would be showing their customers that they appreciate their business, but they needed to make the price change to fit all customers need. I believe the theory break from reality for Netflix hit hard when they lost so many subscribers. With the price change and loss in subscribers, it opened the doors for Amazon to retain so me of the Netflix subscribers. How the arrived to their decision? Netflix arrived to the decision to split the membership in two when they realized that even with the streamlining of movies; customers were still renting movies by mail.Netflix also realized that not all there subscriber were taking advantage of the streamlining and the subscribers were only renting movies by mail. So by splitting the subscription into two price plans, customers had the choice of streamlining, renting by mail, or both. Conclusion I think the price change was necessary for Netflix, but I think they approached it the wrong way. I was one of the million subscribers who canceled their subscription due to the price change. But even with that said, after about two year, I’m now back with Netflix and I’m subscribing to the streamlining of videos.

China’s Economic Development since the 1950s

The last 50 years have witnessed a remarkable economic and political change in China. For many, the rise of the modern Chinese state is equaled to economic and political miracle; in reality, not the miracle, but a whole set of realistic reforms laid the foundation for the rapid economic growth in China. Chinese model of economic growth was not perfect, and evidently, the country had to pay a definite price for its wonderful and almost unbelievable achievements. However, even at times of serious economic and political crises, China did not lose the sense of its national dignity and pride. To understand the essence and the implications of the Chinese economic development means to understand the way the country was able to embrace the benefits of the communist system and the best features of the market economy; and China’s â€Å"putting people first† is the best and the most appropriate social perspective that can be used to analyze the rapid Chinese transformation over the course of 50 years. China’s Economic Development since the 1950s Introduction The last 50 years have witnessed a remarkable economic and political change in China. For many, the rise of the modern Chinese state is equaled to economic and political miracle; in reality, not the miracle, but a whole set of realistic reforms laid the foundation for the rapid economic growth in China. Chinese model of economic growth was not perfect, and evidently, the country had to pay a definite price for its wonderful and almost unbelievable achievements. However, even at times of serious economic and political crises, China did not lose the sense of its national dignity and pride. To understand the essence and the implications of the Chinese development means to understand the way the country was able to embrace the benefits of the communist system and the best features of the market economy; and China’s â€Å"putting people first† is the best and the most appropriate social perspective that can be used to analyze the rapid Chinese transformation over the course of 50 years. Pre-industrial China: the beginning of the 1950s and the legacy of the past Profound analysis of the Chinese economic and social revolution is impossible without analyzing the state of Chinese economy at the edge of the 1940s. After the Sino-Japanese War, China found itself in the midst of the growing economic crisis. â€Å"Russian troops occupied Manchuria and selectively dismantled industrial installations, carrying them off to the Soviet Union. Only the more modern and up-to-date equipment was carried off; the oldest and the most obsolete machinery was left in place† (Eckstein, 1997). Thus, by the end of the 1940s, the country was facing the deepening industrial crisis, which was accompanied by the need to restructure its system of agriculture, and to provide the national population with reasonable instruments for survival. As a result of industrial devastation, by the beginning of the 1950s Chinese industrial output fell almost 70 percent; the consumer goods output did not exceed 30 percent compared to the previous industrial peak in the 1940s (Riskin, 1987). The production decline was combined with the growing government expenses, and the government’s striving to reduce inflation and further, hyper-inflation. As a result, the nation was seeking the means of economic and social modernization; the communist model of economy and distribution has become the source and the basis of the major economic initiatives in the 1950s’ China. Late Maoism, egalitarianism, and equal distribution: putting people first Despite traditionally negative attitudes toward communism as such, late Maoism actually served the basis for developing and implementing a whole set of egalitarian policies – the policies that promoted redistribution of income and did not welcome the benefits and privileges of the social ranks and statuses. Redistribution and egalitarianism were further combined with industrialization and slow restructuring of the national agriculture. The First Five Year Plan has paved the way to rapid growth of less industrialized Chinese provinces: â€Å"all employee wages in state sector were set nationally and did not vary with labor productivity. Thus although more industrialized provinces had a higher proportion of well paid industrial workers in their industrial labor force, these workers wages were similar to those in less industrialized provinces where labor productivity was lower† (Riskin, 1987). The Great Leap initiative was developed to utilize labor surplus and to promote technological production (Eckstein, 1997). Whether those â€Å"equality† approaches were beneficial for all is not clear; but at that point of economic development the state was making everything it could to provide its citizens with material incentives for economic and social transformation. Maoism was promoting the value of unity, cohesiveness and social mobility, but those seemingly positive elements simultaneously sped up and retarded Chinese social and economic development. On the one hand, Mao was able to build a â€Å"developmentally oriented regime† (Eckstein, 1997), where people were committed to achieving the strategic national goals; on the other hand, conservative beliefs and outdated agricultural system were serious barriers to Chinese economic innovation (Eckstein, 1997). Nevertheless, Maoism was an essential component of Chinese movement to economic and social highs. Maoism positioned a Chinese citizen as the source and the center of the major transformational initiatives. Since the beginning of the 1970s, China was able to utilize the best features of Maoist egalitarianism, including personal initiative, inventiveness, innovation, and the willing to implement changes at all levels of the national economic performance. The 1970s, the revolutionary growth, and the new China By the beginning of the 1970s, China has finally realized the weakening potential of communism as the instrument of social change. At that time, the need for a new scientific development concept became evident. At the 10th Session of the Chinese Congress â€Å"the five balanced aspects – balancing urban and rural development, balancing development among regions, balancing economic and social development and opening wider to the outside world – became the major topic of discussion among deputies† (Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in Houston, 2008). The need to promote social welfare pushed Chinese authorities to the need for reconsidering the major Maoist policies and reviving them in a more reasonable and measured form. China could no longer solely rely on the outdated communist values. To become an international economic power, the country had to adopt a new set of social and economic visions that would fit into the contemporary international developmental frameworks. International speed of economic development led Chinese policymakers to reevaluating the balance between agriculture, raw materials production, investment, and consumer products output. â€Å"Putting people first† has become the international top priority, and China could not ignore the significance of those humanist trends. Chinese economic openness and the development of the new market initiatives signified Chinese preparedness to a marking shift in its attitudes towards its people and the rest of the world. â€Å"Putting people first† ideals have become the leading factors of the Chinese revolution at the end of the 20th century. Ultimately, â€Å"putting people first† marked the Chinese authorities’ willingness to innovate, stimulate, and learn from their own mistakes. Conclusion â€Å"Putting people first† was the distinctive feature of the Chinese economic revolution throughout the last five decades. China was able to embrace the benefits of Maoist communism and market openness in a way that benefited the nation, and primarily, its people. Regardless whether China was following the economic ideals of equal distribution and industrialization, or whether the country was adapting to the new market order, people were the central elements of the Chinese political ideals; and â€Å"putting people first† is the most appropriate and the most reasonable perspective that can be used to analyze and evaluate Chinese way to economic and social prosperity.

Free Essays on Reduction In Force

Reduction in Force Paper The purpose of this paper is to inform the officers of this company of the hazards they may encounter in laying off employees. This document will look at a few of the acts that have been passed and how they should be used in conjunction with the new business plan. It is important when planning a reduction in force to review the demographics of the workers being retained and the workers being terminated. I recommend that you check the protected class status of those employees staying and those employees going to see if employees of protected class status are being treated comparably to other employees. If people are being chosen for a reduction in force based on some set of performance criteria, it is important to review who determined the criteria, whether the criteria have some possible discriminatory bias, and who is applying the criteria. Taking all of these steps early helps reduce trouble later on. Were Waivers used? The benefit of waivers is of course that it reduces the threat of future litigation. It is important to note, however, that a waiver must be in accord with the law to be enforceable, and that future claims cannot be waived. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has also concluded that an employee cannot waive his or her right to file a charge or participate in an investigation by the EEOC, but that the employee who signed the waiver will not be able to recover money damages. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act generally requires covered employers who anticipate a plant closing or mass layoff to give affected employees (or their bargaining representatives) and local government officials advance notice of such action. Many states and municipalities have adopted similar laws governing plant closings and mass layoffs. Generally, employers must provide at least 60 calendar days of notice prior to any covered ... Free Essays on Reduction In Force Free Essays on Reduction In Force Reduction in Force Paper The purpose of this paper is to inform the officers of this company of the hazards they may encounter in laying off employees. This document will look at a few of the acts that have been passed and how they should be used in conjunction with the new business plan. It is important when planning a reduction in force to review the demographics of the workers being retained and the workers being terminated. I recommend that you check the protected class status of those employees staying and those employees going to see if employees of protected class status are being treated comparably to other employees. If people are being chosen for a reduction in force based on some set of performance criteria, it is important to review who determined the criteria, whether the criteria have some possible discriminatory bias, and who is applying the criteria. Taking all of these steps early helps reduce trouble later on. Were Waivers used? The benefit of waivers is of course that it reduces the threat of future litigation. It is important to note, however, that a waiver must be in accord with the law to be enforceable, and that future claims cannot be waived. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has also concluded that an employee cannot waive his or her right to file a charge or participate in an investigation by the EEOC, but that the employee who signed the waiver will not be able to recover money damages. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act generally requires covered employers who anticipate a plant closing or mass layoff to give affected employees (or their bargaining representatives) and local government officials advance notice of such action. Many states and municipalities have adopted similar laws governing plant closings and mass layoffs. Generally, employers must provide at least 60 calendar days of notice prior to any covered ...

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

International Trade - Essay Example Dinner in the Sky operates in about more than 15 countries (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2010). Dinner in the Sky will use a crane to elevate the furniture, crew, food and 22 to 350 diners as high as 180 ft up. The company will also built a separately-supported "flying stage" to hold a piano and musicians so the guests can enjoy live entertainment while they eat aloft. The structure of the eatery will be portable and will need a space of almost 1500 sq.ft, hence can be held anywhere (sea side, public place, historical sites and fields etc), (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2010). The company's suspended table measures 26 ft x 19 ft (8m x 6m) and weighs approximately 17,600 (7983.25 kg) lbs fully loaded (11,000 lbs (4989.6kg)unloaded). Eight cables, connected at points on all four sides, bind the table to a crane. The company has planned to work with safety agencies before introducing the concept to the public. During inspection, seats will be overloaded with weights of more than 330 lbs (150 kg) each. Di ners will be locked into their chairs by six-point seat belts that operate from the back side of the seat so they cannot disconnect themselves. The company will certify its system for safety by European-based testing agency (Mills et al, 2003). ... smati rice, or an Asian grilled shrimp with spinach, tofu and black bean sauce, a special pasta dish entree every day, plus the 'all American meal' such as barbecue beef ribs and baked beans. The menu will change every 3-4 months, keeping the favorites. All these mouth watering delicacies will be offered at competitive prices. The restaurant will open seven days a week, serving from 6 pm to 2 am. Dinner in the Sky is available for a session of 8 hours. It can be divided or personalized according to the client's wishes. Dinner in the Sky accommodates 27 diners around the table at every session, with a chef, a waiter and an entertainer. Dinner in the Sky’s management team will comprise of personnel holding experience of being associated with restaurant management. The Restaurant Industry of Pakistan is the size of around more than a hundred. The web page of Karachi Snob.com, a famous tourism web site of the city contains comprehensive details of all kinds of restaurants which ar e spread out through the city (karachisnob.com, 2010). The restaurants are categorized with the type of cuisines which they offer. The customers usually dine out on weekends with their families and prefer to visit those places which offer good food at reasonable prices and a comfortable seating arrangement so as not to cause any inconvenience to the family. The size of the Target Market which the company will be specifically catering to would be the 10% of the population of the city who belong to the Social Economic Class A and B. The lower middle class and the middle class would also be welcomed through trade promotions and discounts to leverage the revenues of its business. The restaurant industry is growing at a steady rate as shown in the â€Å"Hotel, Restaurant & Tourism Directory of

The French Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The French Revolution - Research Paper Example There has been, however, a lack of consensus about what led to the French revolution exactly. In same context, different historians have come with different theories that explain what really caused the revolution. Gorges Lefebvre, for an instance used his Marxist interpretation to explain the cause of the revolution. For him, the French revolution was rooted in the bourgeoisie rise (Burbeck 18-19). Another Marxist writer, Albert Mathiez, was of the notion that the French revolution stemmed from class conflict (Duvall 13-14). Majority of historians and students of the French revolution hold the notion that this insurrection was a bourgeois revolution, fueled by class conflict. For a long time, inequality reined supreme in France. In ancient French, the clergy and nobles led privileged lives. They were, for instance, exempt from paying tax on their incomes. â€Å"The taxes were mainly paid by the Third Estate.† 1 Third Estates consisted of artisans, peasants, professionals and m erchants. Political and economic inequalities also existed in France. Furthermore, despite the Third Estates paying their dues to the king and nobles, they were still required to pay dues to the church. Paying the dues to the church was seen as pointless obligation because people were coming to terms with the age of reason. The writers and poets of this time also played a critical role in sparking thought and dissatisfaction among the French people (Burbeck 18-19). Before the revolution, France was teetering on the edge of bankruptcy. This bankruptcy was caused partly by the wars of Louis XIV and by the royal family spendthrift indulgence and that of his predecessors. Even the so, the 250 million dollars that America was lent to fight for their independence also contributed to the bankruptcy. France in 1789 in presumption was a supreme monarch, a progressively more disliked form of government at the time. In reality, the King’s ability to assume on his supreme powers was edge d by the equally disliked power and rights of the nobility and the clergy, the surviving scions of feudalism. The massive and growing population of French middle class, and a section of the nobles and working class, had embraced the ideology of equality and liberty of the majority of people. Similarly, philosophers and intellectuals like Voltaire, Turgot, and Didero influenced this type ideology. Little, however, is attributed to the theorists of Enlightenment. Additionally, the French had been influenced by the American Revolution, which portrayed that it was possible to implement Enlightenment ethics about the organization of the government. The French revolutionalists ganged up against the less democratic government (Orlando 121). Taxes rates in France were relatively high. Taxation was based on a mechanism that targeted internal tariffs that Balkanized some regions of France. This regional separation led to a slow economic growth. For instance, taxes like gabelle were taxed on f armers, whereupon the private collectors signed contracts for the collection of taxes. This mechanism led to unfair collection of taxes. Similarly, royal taxes were collected as mandatory labor. Furthermore, this method also exempted the clergy and nobles from paying taxes on their pay perquisites. The weight of the tax burden was placed on the shoulders of merchants, peasants, and business classes. These classes of people were denied government positions, causing insurrection (Tocqueville 111). For a century, the French monarch operated without